FOOD CONTAMINATION

Contamination is the introduction of animate or inanimate objects or thing into or on the body surface of an article or a substance. Sometimes, contamination is when foreign bodies or materials or harmful substances are introduced into it, which makes it dirty, impure or diseased. The foreign bodies or materials are called contaminants. Contaminants in foods are those extraneous matters- present in it. They may enter the food incidentally or accidentally.

Food contamination is the introduction of dangerous or extraneous or noxious substances 'into food. Contamination may or may not lead to food infection or food poisoning.

Other terms used in relation to food contamination are:

1.     CROSS CONTAMINATION: 

This is any contamination caused by an article or object that has already been contaminated. It denotes the transference of contaminants or entry of undesirable organisms or substances through another contaminated object, mostly equipment or human handlers. For instance, a knife could be contaminated by using it to cut through the intestine of an animal, e.g., cow, when the unwashed knife is used again to slice bread. Another example is when an uncooked meat is preserved in the refrigerator together with a cooked meat in such a manner that contamination from the fresh meat spreads to the cooked one.

2.        FOOD SPOILAGE:

Microbial spoilage of foods does not necessarily mean the destruction of food by microbes. Food is considered "spoiled" when quantitatively or qualitatively minor and physiologically insignificant changes occur but where there is a marked change in taste, odour, texture, and appearance. He went further to say that much of the microbial origin of these changes could be traced to environmental contamination rather than inherent micro-flora.

Spoiled food as food is defined as, which has been rendered unfit, undesirable, or unhealthy in entering the market for which it is normally intended for sale. The causes of food spoilage may be classified as:

(a)      Uncontrolled microbial growth.

(b)      The action of naturally present enzymes.

(c)     Chemical interactions between food components or reaction of food components with environmental 

          chemical systems.

(d)      Physical degradation,

(e)      Desiccation.

It should be noted that most food-poisoning organisms give no indication of their presence in food by common spoilage signs recognised by off odours and tastes, or changes in appearance such as colour, consistency or gas production. That even when there are manifestations, such as gas production by clostridium perfringens, the number of the organisms is beyond those initially required to invade the intestine of man. Other bacterial organisms that are known to spoil loot! and cause food poisoning are Bacillus cereus, Escherichia coil, pseudomonas, proteus and Citrobacter.

3.        FOOD ADULTERATION:

Food adulteration is the admixture of dissimilar, food items tor consumption e.g. adding water to palm-wine, adding Hour or garri to melon, adding kola-nut to pepper, adding water to milk. etc. This practice is against - food hygiene law and should be stopped and condemned. It may lead to food contamination and food poisoning,

EARLY GREAT TALENT DEVELOPMENT 

Being great does not care about age bracket, your reputation, your residence, and or what your target in existence is, for your profession and potential targets and objectives are, extra than likely your final goals in existence are to be glad and a hit.

In different that that is ascertained, one cannot do without the phenomenon greatness. This certainly is a kingdom of gain or an edge of success through a person or an entity. 

This perception can as well be considered to be a case of an individual endowed with the natural capacity to be beforehand of other humans. The concept carries the implication that the precise character or item when in comparison to others of a comparable kind has a clear benefit over others.

As an abstract construct, it's far most customarily implemented to someone or their work, and can be qualified or unqualified. Status out to the formidable observes of many, is indeed profitable, and should be dreamable state of affairs.

Historically, in Europe, rulers had been occasionally given the attribute "the great", as in Alexander the fantastic, Frederick the terrific and Catherine the superb. Starting with the Roman consul and popular Pompey, the Latin equivalent "Magnus" turned into also used, as in Pompeius Magnus, Albertus Magnus, and Carolus Magnus. The English language makes use of the Latin term magnum opus, (actually "great paintings") to describe sure works of art and literature.

for the reason that Francis Galton’s Hereditary Genius in his book in 1869 and especially with the increased development of intelligence tests in the early 1900s, there was a sizable quantity of social scientific research published relative to the query of ‘greatness’. These days the significance of each dimension is conventional through all, however, disagreements over the relative significance of each are nevertheless meditated in variations in studies emphases.

Bringing to line-mild - a sensed improvement was tied at some point of to the values, pastimes, assets, and personal investments of anybody to the perceived greatness in a single.  In maximum families “introduction to the sphere and initial… talent improvement took place” due to the fact the “parents (or different circle of relatives contributors), in pursuing their very own hobbies, created conditions that intrigued, involved, or worried the kid… the kid’s hobby was rewarded or recommended…” and the parents then furnished other ways to extend this hobby.

CASH THEM YOUNG’

Prior to the success of any fulfilment in lifestyles, one has to recognise what she or he is what in existence, what the objectives are and pursue them vigorously.

Manifestly, years will be move through without the fulfilment achievement tale but the identity of one’s achievement is vital.

As a younger character find out the subsequent:

Try as an awful lot as possible to become aware of your modern-day passions, hobbies, and values in existence. This will go a long way in setting your desires and deliver your lifestyles an experience of which means.  On your personal you try to know:

Do you want to be immortalised?

What should then be your legacy?

In what region might you like to make a mark to be remembered? What area do you desire major?

How do you want to higher the society?

The argument that humans boost ranges extremely in a natural capacity that is inherited biologically. the ones on the very top stop of the variety, i.e., geniuses, turn out to be the leaders and fantastic achievers of their generation.

To get it higher, our goal should be connected extraordinary significance on grooming the younger and let them grow also. discover the region of the earlier field and nurture them base on that.

Maximum of the tremendous guys now and of old had their development from a completely younger age and advanced to a recognisable age of explosion.

Recall John Stuart Mill the instance to be showcased, who become recognised, nurtured and groomed into popular and specific grown up age of tremendous reputation and of societal reputation was stated to have studied Greek at 3 years of age, read Plato at 7, and discovered calculus at eleven. As such, what he became doing at five, the common man or woman couldn’t do until nine years, 6 months of age, giving Mill an estimated IQ of one hundred ninety.

in step with Hans Eysenck who argued in his e-book that a “character trait” known as Psychoticism is vital to turning into a creative genius; and a more latest book via bill Dorris (2009) looks on the affect of “everything from genetics to cultural crises”, such as danger, over the route of improvement of those who reap greatness.

Hans Eysenck's ebook, Genius: The natural history of Creativity (1995), "assemble(s)... a version of genius and creativity" whose "novelty lies in (its) try to make persona differences significant to the argument".

Mainly Eysenck is interested in a persona trait known as “psychoticism … a leader amongst (whose) cognitive functions is a tendency to over-inclusiveness, i.e., a bent now not to restriction one's institutions to applicable ideas, reminiscences, images, and so on.

He considers a large variety of experimental mental studies in order to establish the underlying genetic, neurochemical mechanisms which can be running to persuade stages of creativity associated with fluctuations in “the tendency towards over-inclusiveness indicative of psychoticism..."

 Great achievement is not for a day struggle but concerted effort for an achievable period of time. Effort after efforts makes it real.

REFERENCES:

Jerry L. Walls (2007). "The Wizard versus The General". In Jerry L. Walls; Gregory Bassham; Dick Vitale. Basketball and philosophy. University Press of Kentucky. p. 129. ISBN 9780813124353.

Jump up  "Which One". shonmehta.com.

Jump up  Albert, R.S. (ed) 1983. Genius and Eminence: The Social Psychology of Creativity and Exceptional Achievement. New York: Pergamon Press

Jump up ^ Simonton, D.K. 2009. Genius 101. New York: Springer, e.g. Chs 4 & 6

Jump up  Eysenck, H. 1995. Genius: The Natural History of Creativity. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press vs Dorris. B. 2009. The Arrival of The Fittest: How The Great Become Great. (Lulu Url in Note 38 below)

PERSONAL HYGIENE OF FOOD HANDLERS

A food handler must as far as possible prevent bacteria from entering food by maintaining a high standard of personal hygiene and by being aware of all possible sources of contamination in the kitchen.

Germs or bacteria are to be found in and on the body and they can be transferred on to anything with which the body comes in contact. Personal cleanliness is essential to prevent germs getting into food. In discussing personal hygiene, the following points should be considered:

Personal Cleanliness:

A food handler should make it a point of duty to take a bath or shower at least two or three times a day: otherwise terms can be transferred on to the clothes and so on to food, particularly in warm weather. The clothes worn during preparation and service of food should be kept clean always. A pride in one's appearance promotes a high standard of cleanliness and physical fitness.

Hands:

Hands must be washed thoroughly and frequently after using the toilet before commencing work and during the handling of food. They should be washed in hot water, with the aid of a nailbrush and bactericidal soap. This can be dispensed in fixed container in liquid or gel form and is preferable to bar soap, which can accumulate germs when passed from hand to hand. After washing, hands should be rinsed, and dried on a clean towel, suitable paper towel or by hand hot-air drier. The fingernails should be cut low and brushed always as dirt can easily lodge under them.

Rings, watches and jewellery should not be worn where food is handled, except a plain wedding ring or band.

Hair:

Hair should be washed regularly and kept clean and covered where food is being handled. For women hair gear should be used to cover while the men should cut their hairs short always. Hair that is not cared for is likely to come out or shed dandruff, which may fall into food. The hair should never be scratched or combed or touched in the kitchen, as germs could he transferred via the hands to the food. It is not proper for one to see panicles of hair in a food one is eating.

Nose:  

The nose should not he picked or touched when food is being handled. Ideally, paper handkerchiefs should he used and then discarded and the hands washed afterwards. The nose is the area where there arc vast numbers of harmful bacteria, especially staphylococcus aurous. Food handlers should not also sneeze over food in order not to spray droplets onto it.

Mouth:    

There are many germs in the area of the mouth therefore the mouth or lips should not he touched by the hands or utensils, which may come into contact with food. No cooking utensils should be used for tasting food, nor should fingers he used for that purpose. Coughing, talking. Laughing or quarrelling over food should be avoided. Spilling is an objectionable habit and should not he done where food is handled, it can spread genus. Sound teeth are essential to good health. They should be kept clean and food handlers should visit their dentist regularly so that their teeth can be kept in good repair.

Ears: 

The ear holes should not be touched while in the kitchen as germs can he transferred 10 food from the hand.

Feet: 

Food handlers stand for hours: therefore, care of the feet is important. The feet should he washed regularly and the toenails kept clean and short. Tired feel can cause general fatigue, which leads to carelessness, and these results in a lowering of standard of hygiene.

Cuts, Burns and Sores:

It is particularly important to keep all cuts, burn, scratches and similar openings of the skin covered with a waterproof dressing. A food handier with septic wound such as boil carbuncle, whitlow, sore, pimples, etc should not be allowed to handle food because staphylococcus bacteria live there. If the septic wound is properly healed, the food handler should he allowed to continue his or her work in the kitchen.

Cosmetics:   

The use 01 cosmetics should not be allowed in a place where food is handled.   Where permissible, it should be used in moderation and put on a clean skin, not used to cover up dirt.

Smoking and Snuffing:  

Smoking and snuffing must never be taken in food handlers in a place where food is handled, because when taken, germs from the mouth or nose will be transferred to the finger and oil to food.

When the cigarette is put down, the end which has been in the mouth can transfer germs onto working surfaces. Ash or snuff on food is most objectionable and it should be remembered that the use of snuff or smoking where there is food is an offence against the law,

Sleep and Relaxation: 

Persons working in a food premises require adequate sleep and relaxation as they arc on the move and very busy all the lime.   In a hot weather the tempo of work is very fast. The work should be done on shift basis and off-duties given to enable the staff have some periods of rest and relaxation.

They should also be given free periods for exercise and recreation. Swimming, walking or cycling, etc may be suitable ways of obtaining both exercise and fresh air.

Wholesome Food and Water:  

A well-balanced diet, correctly cooked, and pure water will assist in keeping food handlers fit.   The habit of 'picking' that is eating small pieces of food while working is bad.  It spoils the appetite and does not allow the stomach to rest.

Meals should be eaten regularly; long periods without food arc also bad for the stomach. Wholesome water is ideal for replacing liquid lost by perspiring in a hot kitchen.

High-Risk Foods

Foods which encourage the growth of bacteria are usually high in protein and moisture e.g. meat, poultry, eggs, milk and any food where these are   ingredients.  Special   precautions must  be   taken  when preparing high-risk foods to ensure that:

1.      They are not contaminated during preparation especially if they will be eaten raw or partially cooked.

2.     They are not left in a warm temperature for any longer than is absolutely necessary for their preparation so that there will be little time for any bacteria present to multiply. They should be served hot (above 63°C (145°F) or cold (straight from the refrigerator).

Meat and Meat-Products

Meat and meat products responsible for outbreak of food poisoning are:

1.            Freshly roasted meat

2.            Chickens

3.            Cold meats

4.            Stews

5.            Minced meat                                                                 

6.            Pies and sausages

7.            Fish, etc.

Dairy Products

The dairy products are as follows:

1.            Milk

2.            Cream e.g. ice-cream and salad cream

3.            Evaporated milk                                                              

4.            Condensed milk

5.            Dried food

6.            Cheese, etc.                                                       .

Eggs and Egg - Products

Raw eggs are ideal for bacterial growth. A small proportion of eggs carry salmonella inside the shell. Therefore eggs must be cooked properly before eaten. Duck eggs are more frequently contaminated with salmonella inside the shell and should be thoroughly cooked.

Eggshells are often contaminated; so care must be taken to prevent transfer of bacteria from the shell to the raw egg or any other food in the kitchen. (Trickett 1986).

Low - Risk Foods

Certain foods do not normally cause food poisoning because they do not provide bacteria with the nutrients they required for growth and multiplication, foods with high concentration of sugar, salt, acid; fat or dry foods will not support the growth of food poisoning bacteria e.g.:

1.            Jams, syrup, honey, salted meat, anchovies, etc;

2.            Fatty foods.

3.           Acid foods e.g. pickles and citrus fruit.   

4.           Dry foods.

5.            Canned foods, etc.

Food Legislation

Food as an essential necessity of life should be perfectly kept clean and safe before being consumed by man. Therefore, .laws or legislations should guide food hygiene practices.

Use laws and legislations are essential elements in public health administration,  not  only  for  the  control  of various  activities  but increasingly as a means of facilitating or permitting the execution of activities that promote health. Various laws and decrees regarding the safety of food have been passed right from the time Nigeria started a purposeful government. And these laws and decrees are made by the three tiers of government (e.g. Federal State and Local government) and they are mostly enforced by the Environmental Health Officers to ensure that wholesome foods are sold to members of the public.

The Public Health Ordinance CAP 56 vol. 1 of 1917 was the first enactment in connection with Public Health in Nigeria. This law has been reviewed for umpteenth time but has not deviated from its main objective of healthy living. (Oreyomi ibid).  Any contravention of these laws or decrees is prosecuted and a fine or imprisonment or both meted.

As a result of the low standard and poor quality of food offered for sale for human consumption, the Federal Ministry of Health set up a committee, which will look into the affairs of maintaining a high standard of food in the country. This committee formed the Foods and Drugs Section of the Ministry, which is almost found in all the stales of the Federation. In 1974, this unit set 'up a standard for food and food handlers known as Food and Drugs Act. This Act therefore forbids the sale of any article of food which:

1.         Has in it or upon it any poisonous or harmful substances.

2.         Is unlit for human consumption or food which is adulterated.

3.         Consists in whole or in part any filthy, disgusting, rotten or diseased substances.

4.         No person shall soil any article of food or any other drug or cosmetic, which was manufactured,                    packaged or stored under unsanitary condition.

5.         No person shall slaughter for sale or consumption any dead and /or diseased animal for food of man.

6.         No person shall corrupt or foul the water of any stream, spring. and well, tank reservoir or place so as to render it less fit for the purposes, which it is originally used.

7.         No person shall sell any article of food or drug, which docs not comply with the standard weight or measure as required by law for such food or drug.

Whether it is the Food and Drug Act or the Public Health Law a food handler is deemed to have committed an offence as soon as the food which is not fit, is prepared and/or sold for human consumption.

Some of the laws or legislations under Food Hygiene Practices in Nigeria are as follows:-

1. The Sale of Food Ordinance, Eastern Nigeria Laws. !%3 CAP 117, Vol. 6 Section 1 - 20 or CAP 202. Vol. 6 Section ! - 20 Laws of Nigeria, 1948.

2. The Protection of Foodstuffs Byelaws made under Section 31 of the Township Ordinance (Lagos Area) CAP 93 Vol. 8

.V Public Health Laws CAP 103, Vol. 6 Laws of Eastern Nigeria 1963. Public Health Laws (Subsidiary Legislation) made under Public Health Rules Part II Slaughter House and Sale of Meat section 2S-41.

4.         The Public Health Laws of Nigeria and Lagos 1948 CAP 182 Vol. 5 Sections 3, 14 - 16 and 41

5.         Western State of Nigeria Public Health Laws CAP 103 Vol. 5 of ll>59. Part          IV Sale of Food. Section 34 - 36.

6.         Public Health Laws CAP 165 Vol. 9 Section 55, sub-section 1 -4 of the Laws of the Federation of Nigeria and Lagos, 1958.

7.          Foods and Drug Decree. 1974 Nigeria

S. Public Health Laws of Lagos State of Nigeria CAP 160 Vol. VI of 1994.

National Agency for Food and Drug Administration and Control (NAFDAC) Decree No. 15 of 1993. Environmental Sanitation Edict (Rivers Slate of Nigeria) 1984.

Issuance of Licenses For Food And Beverage Services

There are three licenses needed for food and beverage service:

1.         Of-License

2.         On-License

3.         Off and on License

Off-License

Off License is a permission or certificate given to an alcoholic liquor seller permitting him or her to sell out his or her drinks to the consumers only to be consumed outside the premises of sale.

On-License

On License is a permission or certificate given when the drink is sold and consumed inside the premises of sale and not taken outside.

Off and on License Off and On License is a permission or certificate given to sell out drinks for the consumers to be consumed within or without the premises of sale. As the name implies, it is the combination of the two licenses.

Other licenses available for food and beverage service are:-

1.          Restaurant License: This license can be granted by the liquor licensing Authority of the Local Government Area for premises which are structurally built or adapted for such purpose or intended to he used for habitual provision of the main mid-day and or the main evening meal'. This license also supports the sale or supply of intoxicants on the premises to people to take table meal there but such liquor must be ancillary to the meal. In other words, customers must not only frequent there merely to drink but they must take a meal. Drink can be bought before or after meal.

2.          Residential License:  This license may be granted for premises used or intended to be used for the purpose of habitually providing food and lodging, including breakfast and at least one of the customary main meals. Residential License with authorize the sale or supply of alcoholic beverage on the premises to people residing there or to their private friends. Under this license, the drinks can be sold or supplied at anytime because there is no licensing (permitted) hour. The conditions for this license are that; there should be at least one room for non-drinkers or children to use in taking their meal. Any abuse of this license could lead to its withdrawal.

3.          Combined License:    This license is granted for premises in which the conditions required   for both the restaurant and residential licenses are met. e.g. A private hotel with a public dining room attached. However, the conditions for the former licenses are also applicable to the combined licenses. This is also called tavern.

Permitted Hour

This is the time during which food and drink can be bought consumed in such premises depending on the type of license available in such premises e.g. Off-License should commence not earlier than Ham and slop not later than 7pm.   On-License should stop by 8pm, while "Off and On-License" or combined license should stop by 9pm or 10pm. These rules are not strictly observed nowadays.

In a residential restaurant, it is 24 hours operation because its license does not specify its hours of operation. It is equally important to note that extended hours of operation may be granted on special occasions, which is legally demanded e.g. during market days, New Year Eve, Airshow etc. were extended hour certificate will be obtained. This certificate may extend the normal hour up to 12 mid-night or lam during which a drink-up time of 30 minutes will be allowed after the service of drink has ceased.

Notification For License or Certificate

Application for a license or an extension to the normal permitted hours will be made to the authority concerned e.g. The Chief Environmental Health Officer of the Local Government Area depending on the exact nature of the license or certificate required. There are certain conditions to be fulfilled and procedure to follow. The procedure must be strictly adhered to otherwise, the application will fail.

WEIGHT AND MEASURE LEGISLATION AS IT AFFECTS FOOD AND BEVERAGE OPERATION:

The measures set up or required before the establishment or permitted to man a food and beverage service center are costly. The time taken before obtaining a license also hinders this business operation. The penalties set aside for this operation is another cankerworm e.g. giving the specific time that selling should commence and stop a law that a non-licensed restaurant should not sell or supply liquor but can only buy it outside for the guest if demanded with the guest money without making any interest does not allow the food, and beverage, operators.

The law protecting young people under the age of 18 from selling or purchasing or consuming alcohol also affects this operation.

.

Consumers Legislation As It Affects Food And Beverage Service Operator.

Consumers require clean and safe food from the food service operatives. If substances or chemicals or other foreign particles are found on food the consumer has the right to call on the authority concerned and claim / some damages e.g. Food poisoning, food-borne infection or food or beverage not of nature or of substance demanded.

The consumers need a comfortable environment for relaxation with sanitary conveniences. When these facilities are not available, the service operatives may have difficulties with the consumers. Meals are expected to be readily in supply to the consumers also. A drink-up time of 30 minutes may be upset to the consumer who may have the wage to consume more.

Factors That May lie Responsible For The Loss Or Refusal To Be Granted With A License

1.            If the premises are unsuitable due to the risk of fire, traffic, infection, etc

2.            If the license of the applicant is not considered as fit

3.            If they feel that the premises are not used or intended to be used for the purpose stipulated in

the license.

4.            If the customary main meals arc not being habitually served

5.            If mainly unaccompanied persons who are under 18 years of age

are using the premises.

REFERENCES

Akinhola. A.A. (1982) Problems of Food Hygiene in a Developing Health Service. A Paper Presented at the Annual Health Congress of the Society of Health, Benin City, Nigeria.

Benenson, S. Abram (1985) Control of Communicable Diseases in Man. 4n edition. American Public Health Association, U.S.A.

Dcekina, J,O. (19X4) Food Hygiene in Nigeria. A Paper Presented in a Seminar or Workshop organized by EHOs in Port Harcourt City Council Hall, Port Harcourt.

LIVING ON TOP 

This article is targeted at bringing to minds some truth-seeking positive thoughts that would for sure aid a life for a good living. The needful is a careful perusal, embedment and application, not read and abandon.

There are modalities to events and actualizations. Living high above some others has the criterion that must be a strike at to make it happen. Top, to you, should mean a higher ground, and living as a condition of favour and satisfaction in life.

Higher grounds are not self-prepared but by the one, in need though naturality still exist. Planning, execution of plan and sustainability are required for an adventure. Decisions must be taking, that would ensure you ignoring one and welcoming the other. The top of life would be achievable when you insert yourself upwardly knowing full well that good attracts good.

For goodness sake and uprightness, never let any cruel person to walk through your mind with a filthy foot. There are more than enough to characterise the functionality of peoples’ minds judging from the situation of our nations today, but I will not surrender and likewise you, my brother and sister, so I urge you.

Do not compromise issues or succumb to the circumstances of ugliness perverting the goodness of a supposed nice society of ours. Grow strongly with focus and good visions not with deceits. Do not have diverse focuses at the same, to avoid confusion and to ensure success. Be wise and think wisely. Pursue good knowledge and take hold of it for future use.

Never allow people to see through your eyes or you seeing through people’s eyes. Use yours not theirs and allow them to use theirs not yours, and be upright and directional. Be whom you are and for good. Also, bear in mind not at all to underestimate someone around you for any reason.

Craziness is no life, and lousiness will never pay you good. You may say “I have my life to live the way I want it”. These always have wrong directions to regrets. Seek and work for good and never relent over it. Remember your desire for goodness might be others quests too, that is to mean, what benefits you allow it to benefit others, and do not block the way. Never allow your presence to be a threat or hindrance to the betterment of people. Those who climb up to a position and pull down the ladder which they climbed with should be cautioned against the risk of coming down without a ladder, because when he or she fall, there would be no helper for an upliftment. Those on the floor before your fall are the ones neglected and deprived of going up, they might not at the same time be there to help, now that you are on the same floor with them.

Be open minded not occupying you mind with evil thoughts as it has highly inflammable refracted infect on you - the thinker. Critic thoughts allow for evil manifestation at the long-run and always mind what you feed your eyes and mind with, as that would be - ‘the-you’ in you later. Posterity tells not immediately.

Create room for decency in yourself. Remember that every act of endeavour has an attached spirit that rules the environment. Avoid planting a spirit that is in line with an act of meanness but be it kindness only. These after environmental spirits pave way for after effect as a bargained consequences or nemesis. Let it not be that you are on the floor just because of your deed instead of rising to the challenges. That is to mean, you are holding yourself and nobody else. It should be clear that the worst situation is being ‘self-enemy’ to personal progress.

Do not forget the power of neglect and respect. Take others as persons no matter your societal status, and also exercise equal good treatments to all around you that would keep increasing you in the land of the living.

Clean not only your outer body as a source of beauty but check your innersole, and do same. This will allow for serenity with you, people and the environment around you. By so doing, you will never have any enemy to fight. Just be good in all ramifications. A peaceful heart stands the richest.

It should not be forgotten that greatness starts with your first great steps. Act in the right direction and create the good steps of good strives to spark it up.

COPE ADMIX SCARCE RESOURCES

If you are like many Americans, you may find that you are spending more than you're preserving and steadily going deeper into debt as a result. This is a facile and mundane pattern to fall into, and one that requires some orchestrating and discipline to invert. The first step is engendering a budget.

That, rudimentarily, is what is denoted by living within one’s betokens of livelihood. Your income can be likened to the air you blow into the bag. Your expenses are like the air eluding through the aperture. The challenge is not to sanction your expenses to get more astronomically immense than what your income can genuinely support.

When you are living within your income it signifies you are spending each month less than or at least identically tantamount to the amount of income you bring in each month. For many people, it's a lot more facile verbally expressed than done. Credit cards, loans, savings, and even emergency funds sanction you to buy more things than your income would sanction.

In other that one spends no more money or little than one has. We have to struggle to live within our means, but we manage.

Albeit the fundamental conception sounds simple, putting it into practice and benefiting from it is quite another matter. People could spare themselves many financial woes if only they would endeavour to follow this rudimentary concept. A good plan and orchestrating are very indispensable. How can it be done?

SET OUT A BUDGET

To manage money efficaciously, you require knowing how much money comes in and where it goes. The orchestrations of the diligent one surely make for advantage, but everyone that is hasty surely heads for want. Some utilise a simple envelope system. Each envelope represents a category of expense, such as Victuals, Rent, or Attire. Whether you utilise this simple method or something more elaborate, the paramount thing is that you know where your money is peregrinated, always putting desiderata, not luxuries, first.

EVADE ENVY

Many in developing nations yearn for the things that people in industrialised nations have. On an individual level, many are tempted to think the things that their neighbours flaunt. This can be a trap. Maybe the neighbour cannot genuinely afford them either. Why follow someone else in his fatuousness and culminate up in financial trouble?

KEEP YOUR LIFE SIMPLE

According to one Asian Development Bank report, proximately a third of the people in the Philippines and over a moiety of those in India live below the impecuniosity line for Asia, which is about $1.35 (U.S.) per day. When people have such meagre income, it is the course of sagacity to fixate on the rudiments. However, even in wealthier countries, the same principle can avail debar people from a plethora of financial trouble.

Be content with what is genuinely needed.

This goes hand in hand with the counsel to keep your life simple. An advice goes this way; “having sustenance and covering, we shall be content with these things.” Some of the most blissful people in the world have little money; nevertheless, they find contentment in what they do have, which includes not just material things but the love of family and friends.

KEEP AWAY FROM BEING A DEBTOR

There is a verbalization by the scripture that “the affluent is the one that rules over those of little denotes, and the borrower is coadjutant to the man doing the lending and we  that he who goes borrowing, goes sorrowing”. Albeit there are circumstances when going into debt may seem ineluctable, those who take on dispensable debt just to buy something they optate will often find themselves shackled to a very heftily ponderous financial millstone. This can be especially true when credit cards are utilised. Time magazine verbally expressed: “Once we’ve got our card in hand, our demeanour becomes riddled with irrationalities.” Eric, who lives in the Philippines, verbalises: “When I utilise a credit card, I often purchase more than when I utilise money. It ruins my budget when I have to pay the bill.” How sapient it is to be very, very meticulous in utilising facile credit

PRESERVE UP MAZUMA AFORE BUYING

Albeit it may seem antediluvian, preserving up income afore making a purchase is authentically one of the most sagacious ways to keep out of financial trouble. Doing so keeps many out of debt and its associated plagues, such as high-interest rates, which ultimately integrate to the price of everything a person buys. In the Bible, the ant is depicted as being “wise” because of preserving up “food supplies even in the harvest” for future use.

DO NOT FORSAKE OTHER’S ADVICE

All the Bible counsel we considered may sound fine in principle, but is it authentically availing people to live within their denotes? Let us take an optical canvassing of the experiences of some who have followed such counsel and prosperously handled financial challenges.

A man verbalised that the recent financial crisis has made it more arduous to satiate his family’s needs. Nevertheless, he apperceives the value of a budget. “I budget every single centavo of my earnings,” he verbalises. “I have a list of where I spend my money”. He and his wife experienced the failure of their minute business. Still, they manage to make ends meet by punctilious budgeting. He verbally expresses: “We know how much money we have coming in each month, and we withal ken how much is going out. Predicated on that, we discuss in detail how much we can spend.”

To keep the budget in check, some have found it obligatory to cut back in some areas. In lieu of riding public conveyance to get to a function or meetings, trek a minute. Inculcate in your subjects to learn the value of living a simple life.

Orgor, a father of two, in a communication has done similarly. He verbalises: During our family discussion, we discuss experiences of Christians who keep their attention fixated on what authentically are paramount, spiritual things. The results are emboldening because our children do not clamour for things that are not genuinely paramount.

Regarding credit cards, I mentioned earlier that I have restricted myself from utilising a credit card except in emergency cases. That consumes much of my income. To control myself, I customarily leave my credit card at the office.

BE PRUDENT

Affirmative, many are finding that albeit the Bible is a book that focuses mainly on spiritual values, it additionally offers guidelines that can benefit us in material ways. By applying the Bible principles discussed in this article and by learning from others who have benefited from following these principles, you too can live within your denotes. Doing so, you can elude many of the woes and anxieties that millions suffer today.

RESTIVENESS AMONG YOUTHS

Violence by adolescent people is one of the most visible forms of violence in society. Around the world, newspapers and the broadcast media report daily on violence by gangs, in schools or by adolescent people on the streets. The main victims and perpetrators of such violence, virtually everywhere, are themselves adolescents and adolescent adults (1). Homicide and non-fatal assaults involving adolescent people contribute greatly to the ecumenical encumbrance of premature death, injury and incapacitation.

Youth violence deeply harms not only its victims but additionally their families, friends and communities. Its effects are optically discerned not only in death, illness and incapacitation but withal in terms of the quality of life.  Violence involving puerile people integrates greatly to the costs of health and welfare accommodations, reduces productivity, decreases the value of property, disrupts a range of essential accommodations and generally undermines the fabric of society.

The quandary of youth violence cannot be viewed in isolation from other quandary comportments. Belligerent puerile people incline to commit a range of malefactions. They withal often exhibit other quandaries, such as truancy and dropping out of school, substance abuse, compulsive being mendacious, temerarious driving and high rates of sexually transmitted diseases. However, not all bellicose youths have paramount quandaries other than their violence and not all puerile people with quandaries are indispensably belligerent.

There are proximate links between youth violence and other forms of violence. Witnessing violence in the domicile or being physically or sexually abused, for instance, may condition children or adolescents to regard violence as acceptable designates of resolving quandaries. Protracted exposure to armed conflicts may additionally contribute to a general culture of terror that increments the incidence of youth violence.  Understanding the factors that increase the peril of puerile people being the victims or perpetrators of violence is essential for developing efficacious policies and programmes to avert violence.

Without a doubt, today’s generation of youths is a deeply troubled one. What is abaft this crisis?

DEFINITION OF YOUTH:

Youths are defined as people between the ages of 10 and 29 years. High rates of offending and victimisation nevertheless often elongate as far as the 30 - 35 years shocking incidents like these are not isolated events. They cannot be brushed off as mere aberrations. “Youth violence is a major quandary in our society.

WHAT IS YOUTH VIOLENCE?

Youth violence refers to deleterious demeanours that can commence early and perpetuate into puerile adulthood. The adolescent person can be a victim, an offender, or a witness to the violence. Youth violence includes sundry comportments.

While School violence is any form of truculent activity or activities inside the school premises. It includes bullying, physical abuses, fulminations, brawl, shooting etc. Bullying and physical abuses are the most prevalent forms of violence that is associated with school violence.

Juvenile delinquency, otherwise kenned as "juvenile offending", is participation in illicit comportment by minors (juveniles, i.e. individuals younger than the statutory age of majority). Most licit systems prescribe categorical procedures for dealing with juveniles, such as juvenile detention centers, and courts.

This violence comes in several forms and shapes that indeed affect many out their target. This is what rocks Niger Delta of Nigeria mostly, that one marginally senses their aim and destinations. From nothing, they commence to a profoundly and immensely colossal crisis that consumes many including their parents. Ogba/Egbema/Ndoni Local Regime Area of Rivers State of Nigeria remains a reference point. Adolescent men of the communities aimlessly kill people and ravage homes and committing other atrocities. A lot of people are scared to peregrinate to the habitation town from where they take as their safe haven.

Though, the youth quandary is the world over but predominant in some area of the globe. But not all youth violence in the Cumulated States is directed at other students. “Over the 5-year period from 1997 through 2001,” the same source reports, “teachers were victims of approximately 1.3 million nonfatal malefactions at school, including 817,000 larcenies and 473,000 violence malefactions.” Furthermore, “9 percent of all elementary and secondary scholastic edifiers were threatened with injury by a student, and 4 percent were physically assailed by a student.”

It is quoted that “China apprehended 69,780 juvenile delinquents in 2003,” reports one news agency, “an increase of 12.7 percent over 2002.” The news item notes that “gang malefactions accounted for 70 percent of juvenile delinquency.” A report from Japan in 2003 similarly verbalized that youths were responsible for half the malefactions committed in the preceding ten years.

DRUG ADDICTION, REMAINS A CATALYST

Further evidence of trouble involves the assault that many adolescent ones are making against their own bodies. A report by the U.S. National Institute on Drug Abuse states that about a moiety of all teenagers in that land have endeavored an illicit drug afore culminating high school. The report integrates: “Alcohol use remains prodigiously widespread among today’s teenagers. Proximately four out of every five students (77%) have consumed alcohol (more than just a few sips) by the cessation of high school; and proximately half (46%) have done so by 8th grade.”

 

LOOSE SEX

In this age of AVAILS, promiscuous sex is indisputably perilous. Yet, many youths seem to view sex as minute more than an innocuous game. Some American youths, for example, blithely verbalize of “hooking up”, an innocuous-sounding euphemism for casual sex. They verbalize about having “a friend with benefits”, a sexual partner who makes no emotional demands.

Shocking? Not to experts who have studied teenage sexual deportment. “Over the past 20 years,” it is exposed a position that the average age for teenagers engaging in sexual activity grow younger and younger. It is no longer unorthodox to find boys and girls starting out as adolescent as 12 years of age.”

Such views on sex have made inroads elsewhere. “Asia’s youth are becoming increasingly susceptible to HIV through heterosexual relationships with many becoming sexually active at a younger age,” reports UNESCO, integrating: “Teenagers are increasingly shirking their parents’ ‘Asian values’ by having premarital sex, often with multiple partners.”

Further designations of youthful distress: Canada’s Women’s Health Weekly reports: “Twenty-five percent of females between ages 16 and 19 will experience an episode of major despondence. However, dejection is an illness that afflicts both sexes. According to U.S. News & World Report, every year up to five thousand puerile people kill themselves. For some reason, the report notes, “boys kill themselves six times more often than do girls.

COMMUNAL LIFE

In the time past, the dwelling changed into extra of communism that what it is these days. In a small piece of the plot of land, all will proportion space in there, as they searching for what their brothers do and how they truthful, certainly communal lifestyles. This enabled closeness with antique those who recognise the land and what the kids have to know. understand transfer was extra clean and permeable.

but today, great distances create separation among younger ones from their grey fathers who has greater of the know-how. further, developing numbers of families had been shattered through the divorce, that's what grandparents hate. within the case of these kinds, they fast intrude preventing such occurrences. it is a reality that grandparents will also be victims of divorce cases and averted from seeing grandchildren they love. In other cases, the hassle is that many young human beings definitely have a terrible view of older ones, seeing them as out of contact, as having outlooks, values, and pursuits which are very unique from their personal. the bottom line is that many young ones genuinely aren't as near their grandparents and other loved ones as they will be.

This is, of the path, catastrophic to inter-lifestyles and cultural understanding switch. It ought to be acknowledged that having a near dating with one’s grandparents mainly if they are God-fearing is so healthy, useful, and enjoyable. Grandparents create an enjoyable environment with their pampering of grandchildren and folktales. communique of hid issues especially of misbehaviour is primarily associated with grannies than one’s mother and father.

What do you watch on this regard? Does the equal applicable for your own case? I desire also you were connected for your grandparents while you have been a bit infant. but now which you are a youngster, it could be that you haven’t accomplished a whole lot to nourish the connection these days.

START IT AGAIN
Widening out implies taking some initiative. when you were younger, you might not have had a great deal strength to do something approximately the connection along with your grandparents. but now which you are older, likely even a young adult, you could locate that there are a number of steps you may properly take.

as an example, if your grandparents live close by, you may get inside the dependency of creating ordinary visits. What do you have to mention? The Bible says in Philippians 2:four that we ought to preserve an eye fixed, no longer in non-public hobby upon just your personal topics, but also in private hobby upon the ones of the others. In other words, display an interest to your grandparents. Get them to talk approximately the things they care about. How do they experience? What have they been doing? they could experience speaking about the past. So ask them what lifestyles turned into like once they were younger. Or what turned into your guardian like while she or he became young? in case your grandparents are Christians, they could tell you better the interest they've in biblical teachings.

Grannies are often wealthy repositories of the circle of relatives history, and they are possibly more than willing to regale you with charming testimonies. certainly, you may even need to show this into an amusing project. try interviewing your grandparents, perhaps taking notes or making an audio or video recording. if you are not sure what to ask, have your mother and father help you work up suitable questions. probable you'll study much stuff to help you better apprehend your grandparents, your mother and father, or even yourself.

Don’t forget about, although, that your grandparents also are quite interested in your life and your activities. when you tell them what you're doing, you are inviting them into your existence. This can't assist however draw you closer collectively. Youngsters in France named Igor says: “My grandmother and I love to sip tea together in a café, talking about what we both have been up to.

HORTICULTURE – AN EXTENSION 

OF NATURE

Nature and its decorations as it concerns flowers and vegetations? The extensional beautiful arrangement of shrubs and grasses by man to create a good environment and allow for naturality is indeed an enjoyable thing. You could derive more than pleasure from your hobby. Discovering has been made in this area showcasing the unavoidable placatory nature of garden and gardening otherwise horticulture as a source of health promotion, stress reduction, lowering blood pressure and even helping lives elongated.

At the end of jobbing and a stressful day, it is a great escape to come home and potter about in your garden according to Mr. Gabriel – a horticulturist. Not only is it rewarding and absorbing but gardening may even provide better exercise than going to the gym. How so? It is noted that activities such as digging and raking are good steady exercise, which burns more calories than cycling.

Taking care of a garden is indeed good as a source of exercise especially good to the elderly people. Waiting for a new shoot or bud to appear helps them to look ahead positively. Additionally, the garden provides an antidote to the pain and frustration of old age. The elderly often feel discouraged because of an increasing dependency on others. It is of a careful note that the need to be in control is met by our control of what we plant, how we plan the garden, and how it is tended and the need to care is farfetched.

Those suffering from mental-health problems often feel relaxed when working in a beautiful, peaceful environment. Further, growing flowers or food for others may help such individuals to regain confidence and self-respect.

However, it is not just gardeners who benefit from the greenery design of flowering grasses of different shapes and sizes so interesting. It is been discovered that those who stay close to a green space surrounded by trees enjoyed a speedier recovery of mental problems, as measured by heart rate and blood pressure, unlike those under one confinement without the touch of vegetation.

The creativity involved in modern horticulture is quite interesting as some of this flower and trees increasingly produce a clean and charming environment, most times.

MAKING GARDEN GROW INTERESTINGLY
Many gardens comprise both clay soil or sandy soil. Sandy soil includes big debris that allows water and vitamins to empty away too rapidly to be of advantage to the root system. Clay soil, alternatively, is made up of tiny layers that are so carefully bound collectively that both the water cannot penetrate the tough surface, and so runs off, or it soaks in only to get trapped, thereby suffocating the roots of the flowers.

Plant roots thrive in soil that has a balance of debris that preserves on to enough moisture to hold roots from drying out whilst permitting excess water to empty away. Gardeners call this mixture loam. In such soil, air circulates freely, permitting microorganisms to move about their paintings of adding vitamins to the soil.

Huge quantities of organic rely upon compost ought to be added to both clay and sandy soils to achieve a stability. when it is spaded into the ground, compost situations the soil. considering the fact that, like a sponge, it holds directly to moisture, less watering is wanted. Compost comes complete with tens of millions of pleasant microorganism to be able to maintain to interrupt down decaying count, turning the matter into nutrients that plants want in an effort to grow vigorously. Compost also enables stability the soil in order that it is neither too acidic nor too alkaline.

While tilled into the earth, deep-rooted cowl vegetation, along with clover and alfalfa, break up heavy soils and growth organic count. Mulch as an example, a layer of grass clippings or sawdust positioned at the soil surface is also beneficial for converting the composition of the soil.


The first rate earthworm is an excellent player in improving the soil for your lawn. because it tunnels deep into the floor as a long way down as 4 meters the earthworm aerates the soil, brings various minerals closer to the floor, and gives better drainage for water. in the method, it also leaves at the back of castings that, in step with the book step by step natural Vegetable Gardening, are 5 times as wealthy in nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium as the encompassing soil.

EFFECT OF SEX BEFORE MARRIAGE 

I sometimes wonder if sex before marriage is really that bad, especially when I feel strange for still being a virgin.

I experience pressure to experiment with sex. I think anyone has the natural inclination to. Everywhere you turn, she maintains, it’s all approximately sex!

Anyways, traditional customs and values that once discouraged sex in advance than marriage are all but long past. A survey in a single Asian U.S. found out that most of the people of 15 to 24 one year-vintage adult males felt that premarital sex changed into now not most effective frequent however expected of them. Little wonder that at some degree within the global maximum more youthful humans have had intercourse before they achieve 19 years of age.

Then there are youths who chorus from sex but who have interplay in so-referred to as sexual alternatives, which includes fondling every different sexual organ (occasionally called mutual masturbation). A demanding file in at some point within the beyond famous that oral sex has become a commonplace initiation into the sexual hobby, extensively perceived with the resource of many more youthful people as plenty less intimate, and less unstable, than intercourse . . . and as a way of keeping off pregnancy and of preserving their virginity.

Actually, how must person who need to be morally popular much like the ones within the religious body like Christianity and Islam view intercourse earlier than marriage? What view do you have got were given about the so-called options to intercourse? Are they ideal to God? Are they cosy? And do they definitely keep one’s virginity?

WHAT FORNICATION INCLUDES

An authoritative answer to those questions can come simplest from our writer, Almighty God. And in his word he tells us to get away from fornication. What does that advice? The Greek phrase translated fornication did no longer a most effective restriction to sexual sex but includes a selection of lewd acts. So if single people have interaction in oral intercourse or in fondling each others’ reproductive organs, they are accountable of fornication.

But need to they nevertheless are taken into consideration virgins, that is, in God’s eyes? In the Bible, the word “virgin” is used as an image of moral cleanliness. but it is also used in a physical enjoy. Apparently, inside the right Hebrew, the phrase for sex naturally covered one-of-a-type acts except for regular person intercourse. Over again, if young adults engaged in any shape of fornication, she or he need to every now and then be taken into consideration a virgin.

The Bible exhorts human beings to escape now not simplest from fornication itself however additionally from all sorts of unclean conduct that would cause it. Others can also additionally ridicule you for taking this kind of stand. You don’t understand what you’re missing! Is what I heard at some point of high college, says a Christian more youthful human beings named Kelly. However, intercourse earlier than marriage is not a few thing greater than the brief entertainment of sin. it can cause lasting bodily, emotional, and spiritual harm.

CONSEQUENCES

The Bible tells us that King Solomon as soon as decided a younger guy being seduced into sex in advance than marriage. A bull that is to be butchered seems to have no idea what is set to take place to it. Extra youthful ones who have interaction in intercourse earlier than marriage frequently behave further, they appear to expose little or no attention that there are excessive results to their moves! Solomon stated of that more youthful guy: He has no longer diagnosed that it includes his very soul. Certain, your soul, your life is in chance.

For instance, each year tens of thousands and thousands of youths are settled with a sexually transmitted illness (STD). When I discovered out I had herpes, I preferred to run away. It’s far a painful disease which will in no way leave. Over 1/2 of all new HIV infections global (6,000 an afternoon) stand up among individuals who are amongst 15 and 24 years of age.

Girls are specifically at risk of some of the issues associated with having sex earlier than marriage. In reality, the hazard of STDs (further to HIV) is better for women than for person men. If a more youthful woman will become pregnant, her locations and her unborn baby are further endangered. Why? Because of the reality, a more youthful woman’s frame might not have advanced to the problem of being able to manage childbirth correctly.

Although a teenager mother escapes excessive fitness results, she needs to nonetheless face the intense duties that parenthood brings. Many ladies locate that fending for themselves and for a present day toddler little one is a protracted manner extra difficult than that they had imagined.

Then there are the spiritual and emotional aftereffects. King David’s sexual sin endangered his friendship with God and almost delivered about his spiritual harm. And at the same time as David recovered spiritually, he suffered the consequences of his sin for the rest of his life.

Younger ones in recent times can undergo in addition. as an example, a story of a person who modified into simply 17 years vintage then, while she has to turn out to be physical intimate with a boy. She concept the boy loved her. Years later, she regretted her moves. She laments: I took Bible truths as a proper and suffered the effects. I out of place Jehovah’s pick out, and that was devastating. A young adult named Trish further admits: sex earlier than marriage end up the maximum crucial mistake of my lifestyles. I had to do a little thing simply to be a virgin again. Positive, emotional wounds can linger for years, inflicting pressure and heartache.

ANALYZING STRENGTH OF THOUGHTS

If one have to ask - Why would probably God supply young people sexual dreams, expertise that they have to not use them till after marriage? it is right that sexual dreams may be specifically sturdy throughout the bloom of children. In reality, teens may additionally enjoy surprising sexual arousal for no seeming reason. However, this is not a few things wicked. It’s far an every day a part of the improvement of the reproductive tool.

It’s also actual that Almighty God designed sexual members of the own family to be enjoyable. This turns out to be in concord alongside along with his proper purpose for humans to populate the earth. However, God never supposed for us to misuse our procreative powers. Each clearly one among you should recognise a way to get possession of his personal vessel in sanctification and honour, says the Bible. To act upon every sexual desire is probably, an enjoyment, as silly as hitting someone every time you felt anger.

Sexual contributors of the family are a present from God, a present this is to be cherished at an appropriate time even as one is married. How does God enjoy even as we attempt to enjoy sex outdoor of marriage? Nicely, believe that you have bought a gift for a pal. earlier than you could deliver it to that buddy, she or he steals it! Wouldn’t you be upset? be given as real with, then, how God feels while a person engages in sex before marriage , abusing the winning that God has furnished.

What have to you done approximately your sexual emotions? Placed really, learn how to manage them. Remind yourself that Jehovah himself will no longer hold lower back something well from those walking in faultlessness. Once I discover myself wondering that intercourse earlier than marriage might not be so terrible. I replicate at the lousy non-secular consequences and recognise that no sin is well really worth the lack of my courting with God. Exercise strength of will won't be clean. But as more youthful Adrian reminds us, it leaves you with a clean feel of proper and incorrect and a brilliant relationship with God Almighty, free to focus on the greater important topics, and now not the usage of a guilt or regret for past actions.

There are many right reasons in case you want to abstain from fornication in all its several paperwork. Admittedly, this isn't always normally clean. A future article will cope with sensible techniques wherein you can hold yourself chaste.