Nile Delta (Egypt)

The River Nile is the longest river in the world. It flows from Lake Victoria in East Central Africa through Uganda, Sudan and Egypt to the Mediterranean sea through a delta. While the river is 5,584 kilometres (ie, 3,470 miles) long, the delta has an area of about 3,349,000 square kilometres(ie,1,293,049 square miles).  At Khartoum in Sudan, the White Nile join the Blue Nile to bring down the black sediment to settle in the Nile delta in the months of June and October each year. This makes the delta very fertile for agriculture. Nevertheless, the Aswan High Dam constructed in the 1970s has controlled the flow of water to the point that it has reduced the sedimentation deposits.

b)      Development Paradigms

(i)      Structural, Institutional and Legal Frameworks: The Egyptian government has not paid adequate attention to establishing effective institutional and legal frameworks. It has always looked at it as a good source for agriculture. For this purpose, the government constructed Aswan dam in 1902 to boost power and agriculture-provision of storage water for cotton plantation. This was followed by Maker (now known as Senna) and Jabal Awliya dams across the Blue Nile and White Nile in the south of Khartoum in 1918 and 1937, respectively.  These dams have created their own problems by preventing the river from flooding and depositing renewed sediment at its mouth, thereby creating catastrophic superlatives. Thus, the delta is subsiding, sinking half centimetre every year.

(ii)     Human Capacity and Infrastructural Development: The dams have spurred commercial farming that has absorbed a large number of Egyptians, especially the youths and the vulnerable. Furthermore, the delta is fairly industrialised, with hydro-electric plants and shipping activities. The Nile Delta is the economic live-wire of Egypt even though most of the commercial establishments are owned and managed by Americans. This has consigned the host communities to low-level jobs, with limited opportunities for human capital development.

(iii)    Human Rights: In addition to the hazards caused by dams, the water is sullied by pesticides and fertilisers that leach from the soil. The heavy-duty plants have caused a high level of pollution. The water is polluted from toxic waste, causing liver diseases and renal failure. This is a result of the local farmer's inability to have access to clean water; they have to use the polluted water from the canals for bathing and washing of clothes.

(iv)    Resource Control and Management: The delta is rich in agricultural produce and cash crops.  Major occupations include animal husbandry and fishing.  The Egyptians rely heavily on their agricultural wealth, especially rice and cotton from the Nile River delta and it is one of the most cultivated wetlands in the world. The delta does not have crude oil. The study finds that as the principle of derivation is applied, it has motivated individual and corporate investments in farming.

(c)      Impact and Lessons for the Future: We noticed relative peace and security in the delta as the government has created the enabling environment to make every person feel that he/she is part and parcel of the development of the delta. There is the feeling of collective ownership. That has equally guided the environment-friendly attitude of the local communities, multinational companies, and government. Cases of environmental abuses that the study finds are the usual consequences of industrialisation. As the local communities are beginning to complain, the government is compelling the companies to implement globally accepted corporate social responsibilities.

We further noticed the absence of jointly coordinated plan among the three countries in harnessing the potentials of the delta. We wish that there should be a joint commission to save the delta from sinking.

The major policy implication is that, unlike the usual institutional frameworks found in other deltas, the Nile Delta is directly managed by the government as a parastatal. This partially accounts for its relative under-development.

Important results of this study are the appreciation of the enormous socio-economic contributions of the deltaic regions of the world, the heavy human (social) rights abuses in them, and the need for pan delta strategies for implementation. And for this purpose, we wish to call for a sweeping global mobilisation to save the deltas of the world from wanton destruction by those who profit at the expense of other people. 

Policy Imperatives and Adaptation

There are five policy imperatives worth discussion and adoption, namely:

1)      Issues of Environment: An understanding of the environment is paramount and key to an understanding of the deltaic systems. The study finds that the most pressing problems of the different deltaic regions of the world are environmental degradation, water and air pollution, gas flaring, industrial(toxics) and domestic wastes. They call for proactive policies for remediation and reconstruction of the environment. This is important and necessary because it is appropriate that the environment remains useful to the local communities and the next millennium. Here, the study finds the structural, institutional and legal frameworks established in Mississippi, Mekong, and Mackenzie Deltas in USA, China and Canada respectively as fairly adequate. It is clear that while the rest of the seven deltas have some variations, the structural and institutional decay and failures in the Niger Delta is unprecedented and unrivalled.

2)      Agriculture, Fishery and Tourism: The deltas have high economic and social values. They are the most productive agricultural areas capable of producing varieties of cash and domestic crops in addition to tourism. They include rice (Mekong), cotton(Nile and Mississippi), and tourism (Okavango and Mackenzie). In an effort to boost agriculture and fishery, several dams are constructed along the rivers of Mekong, Mississippi, Nile, Yangtze, Mahakam, and Niger. These dams have created their own negative consequences and hazards that now threaten the viability of the deltas. Thus, there should be proactive policies that balance all the contending forces in developing the deltas. The policies have to address the unplanned rapid growth in human population and intensive development of agriculture that have become a major threat to the natural wetland ecosystem and wildlife.

3)      A New Policy of Economic Development: There is an urgent need for departure from the World Bank’s paradigms of economic development to one that would not endanger the local communities and their environment. The emphasis has to shift to participatory learning appraisal (PLA) where the inputs of all stakeholders, especially the local communities have to be given equal weight as those of the government and MNOCs. Here, the study finds the efforts of the Lower Mississippi Delta Development Commission(LMDDC), followed by those of the CNED/MDJV as trailblazers. There is an urgent need for intensifying research and development(R&D) programmes that would promote cross-fertilization of research findings for adaptation, especially to the Pearl, Okavango, and Niger Deltas.

4)     Multi -Track Diplomacy in Peace Building:  While most of the deltas have managed to insulate their regions from violent crises, the case of the Niger Delta is very worrisome. The Federal Government, MNOCs, Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), and the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs have to collaborate and harmonise their efforts, as well as study the other deltas for the purpose of good policy formulation. This calls for a policy of multi-track diplomacy in peace building, where all the stakeholders have to be involved in charting a new course (Opukri & Etekpe, 2008:51-60). For us in the Niger Delta region, the answer lies in the hand of the federal government re-inventing the political will to develop the region as outlined in the Report of the “Technical Committee on the Niger Delta” (November 2008). The study is of the opinion that until the Niger Delta is properly developed, the issue of armed conflict may not end.

5)      Oil and Gas: Apart from Pearl and Nile Deltas, the other eight deltas in the world have large proven reserves of crude oil and natural gas. Of the countries, USA, China and Canada are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC). We also noticed that while crude oil and gas are blessings to each of the regions (apart from the Niger Delta) and countries, they have equally threatened the survival of the host communities. This issue should be discussed at the various economic integration platforms and United Nations fora so that there would be a uniform global policy framework.

Concluding Remarks

This study has investigated ten major deltas (wetlands) of the world found in Africa, Asia, South and North Americas. We applied four parameters, namely: background, development paradigms, impact, and lessons for the future and brought out five policy imperatives for adoption.

The study finds that the greatest dangers in the different deltas are environmental, water and air pollution; waste management, and ecosystem. They are worse in the Pearl and Niger Deltas. It is, therefore, not surprising that the unprecedented conflicts in the Niger Delta are not found in any of the other deltas of the world. We foresee the conflicts in the Niger Delta  to continue until the federal government in Nigeria musters the political will to aggressively pursue programmes of rehabilitation and infrastructural development as the right of the people in the region, reinstate the principle of derivation (fiscal federalism), and implement the Report of the Technical Committee on the Niger Delta(2008).

While the federal government, MNOCs, development partners, along with the host communities are to work out a large degree of consensus on the future of the Niger Delta, “the people themselves”, as Tamuno, T.N (2007) put it, “have to be thoroughly cleansed in thought, word, and deed to make sufficient impacts in telling or re-telling the familiar story. And it should spur the people into the right action”.

Important results of this study are the appreciation of the enormous socio-economic contributions of the deltaic regions of the world, the heavy human (social) rights abuses in them, and the need for pan delta strategies for implementation. And for this purpose, we wish to call for a sweeping global mobilisation to save the deltas of the world from wanton destruction by those who profit at the expense of other people.

Policy Imperatives and Adaptation

There are five policy imperatives worth discussion and adoption, namely:

1)      Issues of Environment: An understanding of the environment is paramount and key to an understanding of the deltaic systems. The study finds that the most pressing problems of the different deltaic regions of the world are environmental degradation, water and air pollution, gas flaring, industrial(toxics) and domestic wastes. They call for proactive policies for remediation and reconstruction of the environment. This is important and necessary because it is appropriate that the environment remains useful to the local communities and the next millennium. Here, the study finds the structural, institutional and legal frameworks established in Mississippi, Mekong, and Mackenzie Deltas in USA, China and Canada respectively as fairly adequate. It is clear that while the rest of the seven deltas have some variations, the structural and institutional decay and failures in the Niger Delta is unprecedented and unrivalled.

2)      Agriculture, Fishery and Tourism: The deltas have high economic and social values. They are the most productive agricultural areas capable of producing varieties of cash and domestic crops in addition to tourism. They include rice (Mekong), cotton(Nile and Mississippi), and tourism (Okavango and Mackenzie). In an effort to boost agriculture and fishery, several dams are constructed along the rivers of Mekong, Mississippi, Nile, Yangtze, Mahakam, and Niger. These dams have created their own negative consequences and hazards that now threaten the viability of the deltas. Thus, there should be proactive policies that balance all the contending forces in developing the deltas. The policies have to address the unplanned rapid growth in human population and intensive development of agriculture that have become a major threat to the natural wetland ecosystem and wildlife.

3)      A New Policy of Economic Development: There is an urgent need for departure from the World Bank’s paradigms of economic development to one that would not endanger the local communities and their environment. The emphasis has to shift to participatory learning appraisal (PLA) where the inputs of all stakeholders, especially the local communities have to be given equal weight as those of the government and MNOCs. Here, the study finds the efforts of the Lower Mississippi Delta Development Commission(LMDDC), followed by those of the CNED/MDJV as trailblazers. There is an urgent need for intensifying research and development(R&D) programmes that would promote cross-fertilization of research findings for adaptation, especially to the Pearl, Okavango, and Niger Deltas.

4)     Multi -Track Diplomacy in Peace Building:  While most of the deltas have managed to insulate their regions from violent crises, the case of the Niger Delta is very worrisome. The Federal Government, MNOCs, Niger Delta Development Commission (NDDC), and the Ministry of Niger Delta Affairs have to collaborate and harmonise their efforts, as well as study the other deltas for the purpose of good policy formulation. This calls for a policy of multi-track diplomacy in peace building, where all the stakeholders have to be involved in charting a new course (Opukri & Etekpe, 2008:51-60). For us in the Niger Delta region, the answer lies in the hand of the federal government re-inventing the political will to develop the region as outlined in the Report of the “Technical Committee on the Niger Delta” (November 2008). The study is of the opinion that until the Niger Delta is properly developed, the issue of armed conflict may not end.

5)      Oil and Gas: Apart from Pearl and Nile Deltas, the other eight deltas in the world have large proven reserves of crude oil and natural gas. Of the countries, USA, China and Canada are not members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC). We also noticed that while crude oil and gas are blessings to each of the regions (apart from the Niger Delta) and countries, they have equally threatened the survival of the host communities. This issue should be discussed at the various economic integration platforms and United Nations fora so that there would be a uniform global policy framework.

Concluding Remarks

This study has investigated ten major deltas (wetlands) of the world found in Africa, Asia, South and North Americas. We applied four parameters, namely: background, development paradigms, impact, and lessons for the future and brought out five policy imperatives for adoption.

The study finds that the greatest dangers in the different deltas are environmental, water and air pollution; waste management, and ecosystem. They are worse in the Pearl and Niger Deltas. It is, therefore, not surprising that the unprecedented conflicts in the Niger Delta are not found in any of the other deltas of the world. We foresee the conflicts in the Niger Delta  to continue until the federal government in Nigeria musters the political will to aggressively pursue programmes of rehabilitation and infrastructural development as the right of the people in the region, reinstate the principle of derivation (fiscal federalism), and implement the Report of the Technical Committee on the Niger Delta(2008).

While the federal government, MNOCs, development partners, along with the host communities are to work out a large degree of consensus on the future of the Niger Delta, “the people themselves”, as Tamuno, T.N (2007) put it, “have to be thoroughly cleansed in thought, word, and deed to make sufficient impacts in telling or re-telling the familiar story. And it should spur the people into the right action”.

Important results of this study are the appreciation of the enormous socio-economic contributions of the deltaic regions of the world, the heavy human (social) rights abuses in them, and the need for pan delta strategies for implementation. And for this purpose, we wish to call for a sweeping global mobilisation to save the deltas of the world from wanton destruction by those who profit at the expense of other people. 

ABORTION - A DEADLY ADVENTURE

The premarital relationship has become more frequent in recent times even with Christians youths irrespective of the fact that, there are a biblical injunction and a subsequent marked increase in the adverse effect. I want to quickly add that this adverse effect is both physical and spiritual. Physically the girls suffer more while spiritually the effect is the same for both boys and girls.

DEFINITION

Abortion denotes the expulsion of the conceptus before the age of viability or termination of pregnancy at any time before the fetus is capable of independent life. This age is on or before 28 weeks in Africa, 24 weeks in the UK, 22 weeks in US A. Types of Abortion

1.     Threatened abortion

2.     Inevitable abortion

3.     Habitual/recurrent abortion

4.     Incomplete abortion

5.     Missed abortion

6.     Therapeutic abortion

7.     Induced abortion

Abortion is largely divided into two main types

(a)        Spontaneous abortion commonly called a miscarriage. This can come in form of   inevitable habitual, missed, threatened and incomplete abortion

(b) Induced abortion: This is either medically/therapeutically induced or illegal/criminally induced.

For the purpose of this study, we are concerned with the 2nd part of the B above.

Causes   of induced  abortion   in single and married ladies:

1. Some say they are too young to mother a baby

2. They don't want their job or education to be disrupted

3. There is no husband proposal is not marriage, relationship with no commitment should not be intimate

4. Fear of church and society disapproval for there is a social stigma attached to it.

Reasons from married ladies

i.                     To postpone or stop childbearing ii. Disruption of education

ii.                   Lack of support from spouse

iii.                  Poverty with resultant inability to cater for additional child in all ramification

iv.                 Less common is contraception Complications?

THE DANGER INVOLVED

World Health Organisation (WHO) refers to unsafe abortion as a procedure for terminating an unwanted pregnancy done by a person who may lack the necessary skills or conducted in am an environment that lacks minimal medical standards or both.

Abortion and treatment of complications of abortion include medical and at times surgical intervention that causes pain, bleeding, infection and money.

Dangers are:

1. Perforation of the uterus, bladder, cervix

(a) Perforation of the uterus can lead to   pain,   bleeding, anaemia, infection, premature delivery stillbirth in a later date.

(b)  perforation of the bladder can lead to fistula with resultant incontinence of urine, infection/pelvic inflammatory disease,   renal failure   and finally death.

(c) Cervical Trauma can lead to weakness of the uterine neck, habitual abortion etc and family problem after marriage for it will be difficult for the couple to have a child as a result of these complications.

Infection can lead to sepsis and renal failure and death. Depression due to the physical disability and disappointment from the male counterpart. Late complications Tubal occlusion (blockage) that can lead to Ectopic pregnancy and secondary infertility as illustrated.

Infection: - Usually is that of the genitor-urinary tract i.e reproductive and urinary tract.

Infection may be localised and or extended to the various parts of the body. Infection can be introduced by instruments or the environment used or both and it can also be forming the existing bacteria in the tract.

Depending on   the   degree   of infection the person can have:

1.    Sustained fever

2.    Pain Lower abdominal pain

3.    Profuse   foul      smelling vagina discharge

4.    Burning   sensation   on urination

5.   Pain along the vein due to the extension  of infection to vein.

6.    Abscesses due to the circulation of particles of a blood clot from focus   of infection blocking small   blood vessels.   This also brings about severe rigour/fever.

How do we avoid this scourge?

1.    There should   be no fellowship in your house after group fellowship as such your guards will not be let loose.

2.    Propose in your heart to have a clean relationship.   No ownership until marriage is established.

3.    Treat one another as brother /sister until marriage

4.    Fellowship with   fellow Christian for better biblical understanding "Don't be unequally   yoked with   an unbeliever.

5.    Say no to greed for the love of money is the root of all evils-girls note.

6.    Build up your self-esteem by your self-discovery i.e know whose / whom you are, you are   of  God, you   are wonderfully  and  fearfully made as such when another person tells you, yours are beautiful   you   don't   get carried away for you know that already, you are of God you are bought with a price so your body do not belong to you 1^st Cor. 6:18 the body is the temple of the Holy Spirit if you defile it the Holy Spirit runs from you and you are heavenly disconnected.

7.         Above all, renew and transform yourself by the word of God. Make Jesus Christ your best friend. The Holy Spirit will be your guide. Avoid second death.

What is the reward?

Finally, the reward physically you will be out of danger you will not be sick not deceived or downtrodden at the end you have your Christian home.

Spiritually, God will abide with you if you don't defile His temple and you will drink the cup of righteousness as you obey the biblical injunction. God bless you.

In conclusion, with all these dangers and complications we see that it is not even healthy indulging in illegally induced abortion, more so as children of God sex before marriage is a sin and girls are the ones that suffers the immediate physical dangers. When we are even married we should guide against it for it is above all sinful in the sight of God.

THE COMMENCEMENT OF MALEFACTION

Proximately two thousand years in the past, the Bible set out a remarkably particular gregarious profile of our time. It verbalized: “within the closing days critical times exhausting to cope with may be proper right here. For men can be doters of themselves, doters of money . . . unthankful, disloyal, having no natural affection, not open to any acquiescent, . . . without love of goodness, apostates, headstrong, hyped up with pride, doters of pleasures in vicinity of doters of God.

Few could gainsay that those terrible trends have emerge as greater famous in our time. They become occur in many tactics, such as acquisitiveness, prejudice, delinquent postures, corruption, and excessive financial inequality. Don't forget those in my opinion.

ACQUISITIVENESS.

“Greed is healthy” and “Greed is right” are catchphrases we may additionally on occasion aurally understand. however they will be lies. Avarice hurts! as an example, acquisitiveness often underlies accounting fraud, Ponzi schemes, and temerarious lending and borrowing. The consequences, collectively with monetary crumble, have hurt many humans. Granted, a number of the victims are acquisitive themselves. but their huge variety supplementally includes hardworking humans, a number of whom have lost houses and pensions.

PREJUDICE.

Prejudiced people pick out others inequitably or even discriminate in the direction of them at the substratum of ethnicity, skin shade, sex, gregarious recognition, or faith. for example, a Cumulated global locations committee positioned that during one South American u.s.a., an enceinte woman died in a health center because of the reality she had been discriminated towards in some other facility at the substratum of her ethnicity and socio-economic history. Taken to its excessive, prejudice has even brought about the gross iniquities of ethnic cleaning and genocide.

ANTISOCIAL POSTURES.

A synopsis of the guide of delinquent Deportment verbalized: “every year tens of hundreds of families are torn asunder, hundreds of thousands of lives are ruined, and hundreds and thousands of bucks’ without a doubt well worth of belongings is ravaged because of antisocial deportment. So endemic are violence and aggression to our society that it isn’t difficult to assume destiny historians categorizing the tardy 20th century, not due to the fact the ‘area Age’ or the ‘information Age,’ however due to the fact the ‘antisocial Age’—the time while society went to war toward itself.” for the reason that that e-book changed into published in 1997, there was no modification in postures and demeanor.

CORRUPTION. A document on corruption in South Africa cited that over a seven-12 months period, greater than eighty one percent of the 25.2 billion rand (then $four billion, U.S.) provided to a provincial fitness department emerge as incongruously accounted for. cash that “need to have gone within the direction of preservation of hospitals, clinics, and fitness centers in the province,” become unspent, verbalized the magazine most of the people supervisor.

EXTREME FINANCIAL INEQUALITY. 

In 2005, proximately 30 percent of Britain’s annual earnings “went to the pinnacle 5% of earners,” in keeping with a file in Time mag. inside the interim, across the Atlantic, “extra than 33% of yank earnings is going to the top 5% of earners,” verbally expressed Time. Ecumenical, about 1.4 billion humans stay on $1.25 (U.S) or much less an afternoon, and 25,000 children die every day because of impecuniosity.

Is There a method to Iniquity?

In 1987, the then prime minister of Australia set the reason that through way of 1990 no Australian toddler is probably dwelling in impecuniosity. That in no way transpired. In fact, the pinnacle minister later regretted having first-rate-tuned that purpose.

Affirmative, regardless of how mighty, prosperous, or influential a person may be, he's nevertheless a human and can't take away iniquity. genuinely, even the puissant go through iniquities, grow antique, and die. the ones realities name to thoughts the subsequent two passages from the Bible:

“It does no longer belong to guy who's ambulating even to direct his step.

“Do no longer placed your confide in nobles, . . . to whom no salvation belongs.

If we take that sagacity to coronary heart, we will no longer be disillusioned at the same time as human efforts fail to get results. So, have to we just surrender? No! As we shall optically parent in the final article of this collection, an authentically simply international is at the horizon. within the interim, even though, we can do a little component. we're able to visually have a look at ourselves. Ask yourself: ‘am i able to be more truly in my dealings with others? Are there certain areas wherein i will ameliorate?’ the ones questions are addressed inside the following article.

ELEMENTS OF FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS

There is certain elements or characteristic that are commonly seen in most formal organisations. These may include; goal orientation, a division of labour, hierarchy of authority, impersonal orientation, rules and regulations, career orientation, written records/ documentation. These elements according to Peretomode (1991) can be referred to as some key features of 'Weberian Bureaucratic Model'.

1.         Goal orientation:  all organisations are goal oriented. These goals are set to be achieved with the aid of all the available human and material resources. These goals most times could be short or long time goals and their achievement determines the continuous existence of these organisations. Alongside the organisational goals are the individual staff goals which most times influence the attainment of the organisational goals.   This   is   so  because,   if the   individual   goals   are neglected, there would be -low motivation, which directly affects the realisation of organisations official goals. It is, therefore, important to ensure that neither the individual goals nor the organisational goals are sacrificed for another.

2.        Division   of Labour:   organisational   tasks   arc   normally assigned based on functional specialisation. This implies that

The School as a Formal Organization

everyone is allowed to handle the area of tasks he or she is trained "in. There is no room for unspecialized skills or trial and error.

3.        Hierarchy of authority, in this case, positions of members arc, arranged according to their levels of authorities. There are superiors-subordinates or seniors-juniors relationships, The   superiors   supervise   the   actions   and   activities   of subordinates,

4.        Rules and Regulations: each member is guided by specific rules, policies, and procedures (Peretomode,   1991).  The rules    and    regulations,   direct   the    members    on    the organisational  "dos and donuts" in the course of their' duties. They specify the exact ways of work relationships between the superiors and the subordinates. The breach of rules and regulations often results in disciplinary measures melted on the offenders, though after series of warnings and queries.

5         Impersonal orientation: it is expected that workers or heads of units do their duties without personal interests in order not to  show  favouritism  and partiality while  enforcing the organisational    rules    and    regulations.    Rewards    and punishment  are  to be  given  with a  sense  of personal detachment as to ensure equality of treatment of all staff.

6         Written records/ documentation: this has to do with the proper recording and documentations of all the activities, decisions, plans, rules and regulations, policies, instructions etc. of the organisation.

7. Career Orientation: this has to do with the expected qualification status an individual should have before employment in a formal .organization. This may be a degree, diploma or any other certificate. The staff of formal organisations is expected to stay on the job for a very long period of time. They are promoted as at when due and according to their levels of performance.

FIGHT AGAINST DISEASE

On daily basis in one’s life, the antibody, which is also known as an immunoglobulin, a Y-shaped large protein produced by plasma cells that are used by the immune system to identify and neutralise pathogens such as bacteria and viruses that are enemies to the human body.

These enemies that are silent and unseen they are really deadly. Foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and parasites, threaten your health.  You are not likely to be aware of those battles because your immune system repels or destroys most of the invaders before the onset of symptoms. Sometimes, however, the harmful germs gain the upper hand. If so, you may need to bolster your defences with medicine and other treatments.

google.com, pub-7820813838927254, DIRECT, f08c47fec0942fa0

This is where disease prevention and control comes in. Disease prevention focuses on prevention strategies to reduce the risk of developing chronic diseases and other morbidities.

Health promotion and disease prevention programs often address social determinants of health, which influence modifiable risk behaviours. Social determinants of health are the economic, social, cultural, and political conditions, in which people are born, grow, and live that affect health status. Modifiable risk behaviours include, for example, tobacco use, poor eating habits, and lack of physical activity, which contribute to the development of chronic disease. Typical activities for health promotion and disease prevention programs include:

During strives to wage war against diseases that has the potential of entering our bodies, a lot of consideration should be made in the areas of:

1.       Efforts should be made in creating awareness pertaining to healthy behaviours for the general public. The plans should include public service announcements by government, NGOs and individuals, health fairs, mass media campaigns, and newsletters.

2.    We should also engage in empowering behaviour change and actions through increased knowledge of disease control. There should be training plans and support groups.

3.    There should be monitoring or mandating activities by organisations or public agencies that encourage healthy decision-making.

4.    Re-strategizing in the area of healthy decisions more readily available to large populations is very necessary.

There are various causes of disease, which includes travel, microscopic organisms, poverty, and improperly prepared food

Many past decades, a lot of people were naïve concerning the dangers of tiny but harmful organisms that invade human beings. This was so until we were being exposed to the secret of healthy living as it concerns germs and disease which was in the 19th-century by the scientists that were how we became better equipped to defend ourselves. Medical science has done great works in this regard in reducing the threat of some infectious diseases, including smallpox and polio. Recently, however, others, such as yellow fever and dengue, have made a comeback.

Over the years travel and mix up among people has so far helped in spreading diseases all over the world. According to journal Clinical Infectious Diseases, “virtually all of the contagious virulent infections” can be spread by international travellers.

Some bacteria have developed resistance to antibiotics. “The world is heading towards a post-antibiotic era, in which common infections . . . can once again kill,” states the World Health Organization.

Civil unrest and poverty often hinder government efforts to control the spread of disease.

Many people lack practical knowledge of how to prevent disease.

Despite these disturbing trends, there is much you can do to protect yourself and your family. The following will show that, even if you live in a developing land, simple and effective strategies may be within your reach.

ACHIEVABLE ORGANIZATIONAL 

GOALS OUTLINES

For achievable goals, an organisation must be capable of being creative, adaptive', stable and able to change appropriately to be healthy while an unhealthy organisation is one that becomes unable to cope with its environment on a long run in spite of whatever short time effectiveness it might have accomplished.

1.            Good focus: The organisational goal in question must be clear and acceptable.  The organisational  goals must be achievable, appropriate and must have available necessary resources for their achievement. In fact, the degree to which the organisational members understand and accept the goals determines as well as contributes to the health of the school.

2.        Communication      Adequacy:      Adequate      information circulation in an organisation is very vital. In order to have the right, adequate and timely information received in an organisation,  there  must be   effective -and  adequate communication, both vertically and horizontally within the organisation. In a school organisation, information must flow freely from the principal to the teachers and from the teachers to the principal and so on or visa-vies. It is this free flow of information that helps in problems identification and provision of solutions.

3.        Optional Power Equalization: In a healthy organisation, there is an equitable distribution of power and influence among members. There is collaboration among the staff to the extent that the subordinate can equally influence the boss.

4.        Resource utilisation:  It is  also the norm of a healthy organisation to have the effective and efficient utilisation of human and material resources within the system as means of attaining pre-stated  goals.  The  individual  members  feel actualized as they grow in the jobs since they have the feeling  of working   for  themselves  rather  than  against themselves.

5.        Cohesiveness:    This    applies    to    a    situation    whereby organisational  members   want   to   get   attached   to   the organization.  They  allow the  organization  to  exert  her influence on them while they too exert their own interest on the organization,

6.        Morale:   This   happens   when   the   well-being   or   job satisfaction of the organizational members are taken care off In   providing   high   morale,   management   ensures   that members experience feeling of satisfaction; and exhibit less feeling of conflict, hostilities and anxieties. This situation makes an organization maintain a healthy climate.

7.        Innovativeness:  The  degree of dynamism,  changes  and renewal that occur in an organization determine the health of that   organization.   The   organization   should  invent  new procedures, new goals, develop and make changes, produce new products rather than remaining stagnant, reutilized or static. The school organization should be the bedrock of innovations   that   invariably   influence   other   sectors   or industries.  Principals  and teachers  should be  ingenuous enough as to guide students to be very innovative in their various fields of endevours. Apart from this, they should employ new methods and styles of teaching so as to spur students into inventing new ideas and even products. This automatically portrays school organization as healthy. Autonomy: A healthy organization is one that has some degree of independence such that it is not tale-guided or manipulated by its environment, even though it has to utilize feedback from its environment. The organization does not also respond passively or negatively to its environment.

9.        Adaptation: A perceived healthy organization should be able to adapt quickly to any environmental changes. It should be tolerant towards any difficulty brought about by changes with its environment.

10.      Problem Solving Adequacy: There are always the presence of problems, strains, difficulties within any organization. The ability for each organization to handle these problems using the proper mechanism, in solving these problems determines its healthy condition.

THE FACULTY

The faculty (in these scenario) is that existing mental and physical power, you've got that had become an essential attribute of you, back to when we talked about attitude, am sure you discovered attitude comes as the behavioral pattern of a person .these means that the constant ways a person behaves over a period of time create the attitude, now the attitude you have possess , is what gave you the mental power that had to be existing ,which possess the level of what you do.

So what you have to understood so far now is to set your mind to the standard you had wished and hoped for, at this point you possess a particular pattern, your own styles of doing things, the level you have to ascertain now, builds what is called "THE FACULTY" because you have possessed that power of setting things the way you want it. You decide how event play in your life, not being taken unaware , but fully aware of things happening around you, you don't live low no matter what, you are on a level that nothing can bring you down.

Growing up with this belief builds up the faith of you-can-do-anything in you and achieve anything as long as you are determined to get it done. You have got what it takes to maintain a lifestyle of high standards, having inculcated the habit of achieving your set goals and fulfilling your dreams, limitation can't limit you anymore.

The thinking faculty implies your ability to think right, the ability to reason, plan and engage into wise action thereby making you develop a particular habit, Here is my life story: although it seems wicked but it's worth a story after all, there was a certain time I wanted to purchase a new phone, when I saw the phone in a neighbor's shop who deals with mobiles devices, so it became my daily routine of going there to stare at it, muttering some words of encouragement to myself, I kept speaking to myself daily about these, I will purchase that phone, I must hold you in my hand, so I keep on doing this often , each time I go there, checked the features, and telling myself one day I will have you, then from that point I went home took my script and a pen, map out my possible means of raising up to N10,000.00, this was the due amount to make my purchase, and at such times which I didn't have a penny of my own, I didn't allow these interfere with my target "that month, so I may beef my minds up, gave myself a deadline of achievements, every day 1 keep on speaking to myself, I must get it before end of July 2014 (these was the deadline of one month precisely) so I met some personnel told them about my project, I sold the scrap I was holding then, I was active, my savings capacity was high, every little penny was of high value to me even when we got Into July, I was still behind, I didn't give up that faith, I keep up the strive the zeal, stack up my savings, I keep speaking, the word of faith to myself, as each day passes and to Gods glory, before the very end of July that year on the 16t}l I bought the phone I so longed for.

When I didn't even have a penny of my own I was able to achieve one of what I termed my biggest project as at that time, when I traced back at how it all started, I couldn't believe it myself, it was amazing, fit was a wow to me then, that was a prove that I can actually achieve anything so far my mind was on it, it's all about determination, if you truly wished for it, you can also see from my story that the faculty that I have build enable me to get it all down, that standard is where I am now, and I earnestly wish you all my readers to build up that habit, create the faculty, raised a standard high, anything is possible and achievable if you truly wish for it, there's a big difference between wants and needs, you need it, you want it to happen, then believe it yourself you can make it happen.

THE HUMAN LEVEL OF REASONING

The hardest thing to do in life is to think, as humans, it takes time to sit down and start thinking, we believe in what we termed "ACTION"

Everybody on planet earth believes that it is better to act than sitting down to think, they don't get the picture before they do anything, you have to sit back and reasoned the possibilities, outcome, and consequences that will occur after engaging in that action.

Wise man does his thing by planning, not just to get it all done sequentially, but because his aware of the possibilities and probabilities, involve, Planning mean$ propagating your needs and giving them ranking, it's more of you sitting back to put down into consideration the needs and the wants you have, because no matter the tricks a person uses what needs to be done must be done, they will always come back to solve or take care of any problem they left behind or else it will keep hunting them for life.

Thinking involves a constructive aspect of the mind, were ideas formed are framed out to the possible best ways of transforming it into reality. The problem with humanity is that everybody seems to be in the fast lane, smart, sharp and always on the move , when things go wrong and out of order, they then sort out means of putting the blame on someone else,

Therefore as to ascertain the level and heights of your success in life you must understand the basics necessity of thinking, create a willpower within you, don't view the thinking aspect as when a person sits down, folded arms thinking about life's negativity and failures, regrets on every side which are wrong. It takes the mind of the brave to truly define the right path to success, the only thing you can do for yourself now is to climb up to your expectation, live a successful and a fulfilled life (that's living your dreams).

Dreams here consist of that lifestyle you have designed for yourself, you fervently hoped for one flicking moments it will all be a reality that you would live the life you wanted, while it is still early you can take a script and a pen draw the map of your life, at each strategic points or location, place a project, something you would love to acquire at these points, look and check out for possible means of achieving these set goals and then you stay on track following, the map you have drawn.

The worst thing that can happen to a man is to die poor; the same way they were born, Bill Gates said if you were born poor, that's not your fault but if you die poor, then it is your fault. You wouldn't want to double the mistakes already made in the past, so don't limit yourself to anything, always wish and strive for the better and greater of it, if your dad stop at a certain points, then you are the one to improve on it, see beyond the level and prospect of an ordinary men, conceive a dream in your heart which men had never conceived and make the difference.

THE WILL-POWER

The ability to do a thing from your will, what you desire putting into action, creating a platform for the manifestation of your will, taking into reality the thoughts that come to your mind, creating the lifestyle you wished for living beyond the limitation of the ordinary day to day situation around your environs.

God has set out a will for you and me, just as a father would write out his will for his children, and by the standards of God, we are expected to live by the will he has made for you, that's why he said in Jeremiah 29:11 for I know the thoughts I have towards you saith the lord thoughts of peace(goodwill) and not of evil to give you and expected end. Plans were already put in place before you were born to fulfill it, God set out these standards for you to live, he expects you to flourish and to do well, also to have an excellent life, so there for it is an error for you to live poor or to fail, cause God had given you enough riches deposited in you to be a successful person.

(The earth is the lords and the fullness thereof) "for I know" tells you that God was certain when he made the pronouncement about you, he wasn't mistaken, so don't stop at that, you've got to move on, break bounds and jinx, free yourself and step into Gods realm of glory, were his plans, purpose, wishes, for you are waiting to be fulfilled.

For the earnest expectation of the creature waiteth for the manifestation of toe sons of God (Rom 8:19). 3 John 1:3 says, beloved, I wish you above "ALL THINGS" that thou mayest prosper and be in good health even as thy soul prospereth, God wish you good, blessings, and success but he expects you to do something to get it, so you've got a part to play in this.

YOUR ATTITUDE MATTERS

What affects your mind mostly is the way you behave, such as your behavior determines the way you think or feel about something do you know your behavior is just the way you act frequently, the way you act is just the way you are, (you can't do more than you know) on looking at the reverse side of it, you get it that the way you behave constantly is directly the way you think, it's how you reasoned thinks, your perspective, it's your viewpoint on issues

The moods and ways you respond to things or your abilities reflects your mind, the word "responsibility" simply means the ways you respond to your abilities, there are certain abilities, things you can-do even at ease things that are common to your will, some don't even care to know a thing they can do, therefore depending on their strength and power,..Even the scripture states it that for not by strength shall any man prevail You possess certain skills and special ways of doing things apparently different from the ways others do. Have you ever being in a course were many persons are doing exactly the same thing, but you notice that at the end one must be outstanding one must come out the best, or a situation where athletes of the same height, body weight, are all lined up on the same line ready for race, but at the finish line there's always the first among all, what happened at that moment, they all did the same thing, were provided same equipment, but one out of the whole decided to add style,(l called it the value added strategy) , the awesome result there is as result of personal zeal to do better, it was as simply done out of a person's skill, ways, pattern to perfection, that's why it comes out in a different tone

The same thing applies to our today's world you might want to do things the way others do, forgetting that you can add your own skills and style, sort of additional knowledge to it, that's why it's sometimes good to know beyond what others thought, crave your own findings on the issue let be that you've discovered something new about a thing, which will be added to its history and to your own credit in that way you have added or contributed to life in some kind of way, you never thoughts you could.

The attitude of the minds, you might want to know are the ways, one perfect style, format in which your mind sees things which is due to your mindset it's about the attitude you have set in your mind, it's like a kind of rules you have become accustomed to, doing something outstanding, always setting the pace for others to learn from There's always a style added to whatever and anything I do, it's a legacy I've set for myself not just doing it, but doing it in an all different kind of ways, in our daily lives we tend to come up with something either beyond or equal to abilities, we then, become very desperate to achieve these things not minding what other needs maybe, now you have a set mind towards that thing, the only thing, within the whole of your life that will enable you to get that thing done or achieved, is the attitude of your mind- everyone actually needs something to make them look good and comfortable but not everyone can actually get them, your focus on that thing, that eagerness, the zeal to get it,   will always come.

Have you ever thought of having something you wish so dearly, though the means is not there, but in your mind you will sort out means of actualizing it somehow, though sometimes you might want to let go of your plans, your target, ambitions, but because your mind has long been focus on it, you will never let go until you get it, it's because of the attitude your mind has inculcated and it now becomes a habit to you to always complete every project you started. Attitudes are patterns and ways, particular methods you have set yourself in doing things; having a good sense of anticipation is one thing that characterised the attitudes of your mind. The mentality

In genesis 1:26 God said let us make man in our own image-...when God concluded his creation he studied, searched and looked carefully and then he noticed that something was missing, not that God was too busy to take care of everything he had created but he needed somebody to him to rule over them, to be their sovereign lord, that's why he said,.....Let us make man in our own image and likeness, these alone should enhance your knowledge of the fact that you are Gods here on earth, God endowed every bits of his features, potentials in you, commissioned you to this world to rule over what he had made so far,....and after our likeness, these means that the way God think is the way you think, the mentality God has is the same has yours , the only difference is he's in charge of the kingdom of heavens while he commissioned you to be in charge of the kingdom of the earth, therefore he transfers to you every detail of ruler ship, which is contained in the Bible you carry every day.

Can you now begin to imaging God's level of mentality, the level of his thinking and reasoning, those God think low? Those God ever manage? Those God ever lack? These are some question you should be asking yourself.

The mentality you carry is directly proportional to your standard of living because it is your "mental reasoning" the ability of your mind to produce an intelligent thoughts that would guarantee the way you live your life, because when your minds think correctly and accurately it gives you a heads up and gets you back on track.

Whenever good thoughts come to mind and you begin to act upon it, it simply gives you an expected result, mentality is all about you, your level of reasoning, thinking, the way you look at things and how you apply your understanding, skills and knowledge to that thing to produce what you expect, being reasonable doing things wisely not living by the natural means of life, but going beyond the natural extending it to the extra giving you an extra ordinary ways of life, to live a different kind of life you need to start doing something others don't that's the way to grow.

The mentality is one perfect tool for self development, because it is the only tool in your thinking faculty that is concerned with your comfort, the things you see on daily basis are the natural ways of life, but then when you don't live according to them you just have to adjust a little bit, that's why God after his creation, noticed something odd, about nature, when man defiles the law of creation, God gave man the self-will of living the life of his choice. And also creating a supernatural world in this world where faith is the generally accepted currency were believers live in extreme comfort and flourish well, only those that have an abstract understanding of the word, can gain full access to this world. Here's an instant, in job 22:29, it says while men are cast down then thou shall say there is a lifting up, so what goes or happens around you has no effect on you because you are a different personality operating in a different economy which is not of this world when things go down or goes bad, you don't have to worry, rather you lift up your hands in time of difficulty and say there is a lifting up. Now God said these words you just have sto believe it thru your hearts and activate it thru your mind, which includes your mentality